An Operating System is system software that is responsible for the management of computer hardware, and software resources and provides requested services demanded by computer programs. The primary feature of OS is to provide an interface between the user and the machine. It is a software component of the computer system that is responsible for the management, coordination, and sharing of activities or resources of the computer. A computer cannot run without the presence of an OS.
Types of operating systems (OS)
Single Tasking and Multi Tasking OS
An operating system that can only run one program at a time is known as a single-tasking OS.
The multi-tasking operating system allows the execution of two or more programs at a time. Multi-tasking OS increases the utilization of resources, such as processors, disks, memory, etc.
Single User and Multi User OS
In Single-user OS only one user account is possible and this OS cannot differentiate users. All the installed programs/applications are under the control of one user.
But in multi-user OS more than one user account is possible but only one user can log in at a time. Every user may have private files and folders which cannot be accessible to other users. A multi-user operating system extends the basic concept of multi-tasking.
Batch OS
In batch OS execution of programs is done in a group of programs (Batches). The program batches are made by an operator who collects similar jobs having the same requirement and groups them into batches. OS does not interact with the computer directly. All jobs are processed in the order of first come first served mode. When a batch of jobs completes its execution, its memory is released. Some common features of batch OS are as follows.
It is the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar needs.
Multiple users can share the batch systems
The idle time for the batch system is very less
Time-Sharing OS
The traffic light system is the best example of a time-sharing OS. In this OS every user will get an equal amount of time to complete Every task and will get CPU time for execution in a predefined time interval. These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches over to the next task.
Features of Time-Sharing OS
Every task gets an equal time opportunity
Fewer chances of duplication of software
CPU idle time can be reduced
Maximize the CPU time utilization
Distributed OS
Distributed OS is used in computers that are physically located apart from each other globally (long-distance). Communication between machines is done via a shared communication network. Every system that is using a distributed OS has its memory and CPU. Distributed OS can be classified mainly into two types: Loosely Coupled and Tightly Coupled.
In loosely-coupled multiprocessor systems, each processor has its memory, operating system, and input/output resources. Loosely-coupled multiprocessor systems are also known as distributed-memory systems, as the processors do not share physical memory.
In tightly-coupled multiprocessor systems, each processor executes its tasks on shared memory. Tightly-coupled multiprocessor systems operating under a single operating system with two or more homogeneous processors.
Features of Distributed OS
Any user can access the required data which are not present on his system with the help of remote access software.
Failure of one network will not affect the other network communication, as all systems are independent of each other.
These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to the network.
Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable.
Load on host computer reduces.
Reduction of the load on the host computer.
Reduction of delays in the data processing.
Network OS
These Operating systems are installed and run on a server computer. Network OS provides the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions.
These types of operating systems allow shared access to computer resources such as files, printers, security applications, etc. In-network Operating Systems all the users are well aware of the underlying configuration, of all other users within the network.
Real-Time OS (RTOS)
Real-time OS are special OS that can be used to resolve real-time tasks within specified time constraints. Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements are very strict. Sensors work as input sources to provide data for RTOS.RTOS very fast and accurate OS and is able to process given tasks within a stipulated time.
RTOS can be classified into two types
Hard Real-Time Systems:
Hard Real-Time Systems guarantee that a task must be completed on time.
Soft Real-Time Systems:
In soft real-time, a given task may or may not be completed on time.
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